Urine

Albumin - Urine (Microalbumin)
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Albumin - Urine (Microalbumin)

Albumin is a foundational protein found in the blood. In early kidney damage—most commonly from hypertension or type 2 diabetes—smaller fragments of albumin called microalbumin appear in the urine.

Appearance
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Appearance

Checks the clarity of urine from clear to turbid.

Bacteria
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Bacteria

Healthy urine is sterile, so when bacteria is present, it's a sign of infection.

Bilirubin
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Bilirubin

Look into the general health of the liver. When healthy, the liver makes bile, which contains bilirubin. This bile helps digest food, and a thriving liver gets rid of excess bilirubin, but when the liver isn't working properly, bilirubin builds up.

Clarity
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Clarity

The clarity of urine, from clear to turbid, explores the health of one's kidneys and urinary tract.

Color
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Color

An unusual urine color can be a sign of disease, such as a kidney disorder or urinary tract infection (UTI). The scale from light to dark gives a picture of how much water is being flushed through a system.

Glucose-Urine
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Glucose-Urine

If one is healthy, glucose levels in the urine are generally too low to be detected. Glucose in the urine, or glucosuria, is a symptom of both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes (when one's blood sugars are high), pregnancy, or liver abnormalities or hormonal disorders.

Hyaline Casts
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Hyaline Casts

It's ok if hyaline casts show up in urine. However, large amounts of them may indicate kidney damage due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys.

Ketones
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Ketones

Ketone testing can help diagnose ketoacidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a complication of diabetes, or issues unrelated to diabetes like gastrointestinal diseases (IBS, colitis, Crohn’s, celiac, GERD). Ketones are produced in the liver as part of a body’s metabolism process. If one is low on glucose, the body burns fat for energy instead and produces ketones, which show up in urine. This is the process behind ketogenic (keto) diets.

Leukocytes
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Leukocytes

Leukocytes are white blood cells (WBCs), which are vital to health! However, if they're detected in urine, it may be a sign of inflammation in the urinary tract or kidneys.

Nitrite
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Nitrite

Increased nitrites in urine can indicate an infection in the urinary tract, anywhere from the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Healthy urine has chemicals called nitrates. When bacteria enter the urinary tract, nitrates can transform into nitrites.

Occult Blood
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Occult Blood

This test detects blood in urine, which could potentially indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI), enlarged prostate, kidney damage (from injury), kidney disease, or other kidney or bladder-related conditions.

pH
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pH

The goal of testing pH is to identify whether or not one has an acid-base imbalance, to determine how severe the imbalance is, and to help diagnose underlying diseases or conditions (such as diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening complication of diabetes). Testing also helps monitor critical illnesses that affect acid-base balance, such as chronic lung disease and kidney disease.

Protein
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Protein

The goal of this test is to evaluate kidney function. Normally, protein stays in the blood and doesn't pass into urine. The kidneys prevent this from happening. If proteinuria (protein in urine) is detected, the kidneys aren't functioning properly.

Red Blood Cell
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Red Blood Cell

Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and return carbon dioxide for exhalation. This test helps detect conditions such as anemia, dehydration, and polycythemia. Abnormal RBC levels can indicate various health issues, including nutritional deficiencies, bone marrow disorders, and chronic illnesses.

Specific Gravity
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Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity is the concentration of the urine, which is a quick way to tell if the kidneys are trying to compensate for an abnormality. This test helps convey overall kidney health and can screen for renal tubular necrosis, diabetes insipidus, kidney failure, low levels of sodium in the blood, or a severe kidney infection.

Squamous Epithelial Cells
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Squamous Epithelial Cells

It's normal to have a small amount of epithelial cells in urine. A large amount, however, may indicate an infection, kidney disease, or another serious medical condition.

White Blood Cell (WBC)
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White Blood Cell (WBC)

White blood cells play a vital role in defending the body against infections, inflammation, and diseases. This test is essential for diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as infections, leukemias, autoimmune disorders, and bone marrow disorders. Abnormal WBC counts can indicate an active infection, an immune response, or an underlying medical condition.

Yeast
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Yeast

The presence of yeast in urine suggests a potential fungal infection, commonly due to Candida species, and may indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI) or a vaginal yeast infection.